Paratuberculosis caused byMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is a progressive, chronic and noncurable granulomatous enteritis. Paratuberculosis affects ruminants worldwide. The earliest reports on paratuberculosis in Iran date back to 1960’s when the disease was diagnosed in imported animals of the Abadan Oil Company’s farm. In the work presented here 13 field MAP isolates including 4 ovine and 3 caprine isolates from Isfahan, 6 bovine isolates from Zanjan and Alborz provinces plus 2 vaccinal strains of 316F and III & V were subjected to PCR-IS900, PCR-F57 for identification and also PCR-Collins for typing. In consequence, while an identical PCR protocol was successfully developed to simultaneously perform all the three experiments, the 15 tested bacteria were all shown to be MAP Type II (cattle Type). In epidemiological sense, when the size of national goat, sheep and cattle herds of Iran is taken into account, circulation of MAP Type II is intriguing.

The world is embroiled in a pandemic of a new coronavirus at the end of 2019 and early in 2020, with such a large scale that it has severely involved the political, economic, and social systems in most countries around the world. The scale of the crisis is so widespread that many experts believe that the post-corona world will be substantially different from the pre-corona world. In the face of this massive epidemic, how people perceive risk and how to risk is communicated, plays a central role in deciding and choosing people's behavior. Fighting with this emerging phenomenon requires mobilizing all the possibilities of society and helping all people in the field of empathy and altruism. In this article, we briefly review aspects of the important concept of risk perception and communication in this pervasive crisis.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and accounts for 90% of all cases. The number of diabetic patients in IR Iran is estimated to be about 1.5 million. Identification of diabetes risk factors and trying to remove them, can prevent or delay it. The relationship between Type 2 diabetes and genetic factors is stronger than the relationship in Type 1 diabetes. The concordance of Type 2 diabetes in identical twins is 70-90%. Obesity particularly visceral is very common in Type 2 diabetes. The risk of diabetes increases with increasing age. Prevalence rates of diabetes are strongly different among different ethnic groups. Women with a history of gestational diabetes have a 50% risk of eventually developing diabetes in the next 20 years of their lives. High blood pressure (=>140/90mm hg) could be an early sign of underlying insulin resistance, related to central adiposity. risk of diabetes in persons with high blood pressure is twice the normal persons. Low birth weight is often followed by accelerated postnatal growth and this may be important for assessing the risk of diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) test is typically characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Persons with IGT without changing their lifestyles develop Type 2 diabetes in 10 years. Insulin resistance has been observed in women with polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrom. It is estimated that 35-50% of women with PCO have impaired glucose tolerance test. Stress stimulates the release of various hormons, which may cause elevated blood glucose levels. Smoking is not a well-documented risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. In spite of this diabetes and CHD have many common causal factors. Large-scale prospective studies have shown that smoking is associated with the development of Type 2 diabetes. However larger scale and long-term studies are needed to clarify the role of smoking as a risk factor of diabetes.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

In the past two decades caries risk prediction has been and important subject for investigators. Caries risk assessment is an effective method for the prediction of future caries. By CRA the high-risk groups are determined. Then the prevention programs in relation to high-risk groups, be perform. This article is the results of a research project which has been performed by the author in Tehran. 218 primary school children (7 years old) have participated in this study. They have been examined for caries risk factors in three stages: 1- By a questionnaire for personal and socio demographic information. 2- Bite wing radiography to diagnosis the incipient proximal caries. 3- Dental examination of the student. Results of the research showed 34 person (15.6%) were high-risk, 63 person were low-risk and 121 person (55.5%) were moderate risk. Some of the caries risk factor have been also evaluated.